Protestantism and psychoactive drugs: implications for nursing and health / Protestantismo y drogas psicoactivas: implicaciones para la salud y la enfermería / Protestantismo e drogas psicoativas: implicações para a saúde e enfermagem

Objectives: To identify and analyze the social representations of psychoactive drugs to the protestant religious group and their implications for nursing care. Method: The data collection was carried out in the state and city of Rio de Janeiro, through the Free Evocation of Words technique. Results: The participants were 300 subjects divided into three subgroups with 100 Protestant evangelical subjects. Of them, 74.67% were female (224 participants) and 25.33%, males (76). Final thoughts: The assistance, taking into account the factors beyond spiritual, is beneficial not only for the patient, but also for the Nursing team, because it improves the spiritual awareness and understanding of the individual as a being beyond the disease.

Objetivos: Identificar y analizar las representaciones sociales de las drogas psicoactivas para el grupo religioso protestante y sus implicaciones para el cuidado de enfermería. Método: La recolección de datos se realizó en el estado y ciudad de Río de Janeiro, mediante la técnica de Evocación Libre de Palabras. Resultados: Los participantes fueron 300 sujetos divididos entres subgrupos con 100 sujetos evangélicos protestantes. De ellos, el 74,67% eran mujeres (224 participantes) y el 25,33%, hombres (76). Reflexiones finales: La asistencia, teniendo en cuenta los factores más allá de lo espiritual, es beneficiosa no solo para el paciente, sino también para el equipo de Enfermería, porque mejora la conciencia espiritual y la comprensión del individuo como un ser más allá de la enfermedad.

Objetivos: Identificar e analisar as representações sociais das drogas psicoativas para o grupo religioso protestante e suas implicações para o cuidado de enfermagem. Método: A coleta de dados foi realizada no estado e município do Rio de Janeiro, por meio da técnica de Evocação Livre de Palavras. Resultados: Participaram do estudo, 300 sujeitos divididos em grupos de 100 sujeitos para cada subgrupo de evangélicos protestantes. Dos quais 74,67% eram do gênero feminino (224 participantes) e 25,33 do gênero masculino (25,33%). Considerações Finais: A assistência levando-se em conta os fatores para além do espiritual é benéfica não apenas para o paciente, mas também para a equipe de Enfermagem, pois melhora a consciência espiritual e a compreensão do indivíduo como um ser para além da doença.

Uso de sustancias psicoactivas en estudiantes de escuelas secundarias de Rosario (Argentina) / Psychoactive Drugs Use Among High-School Students In Rosario (Argentina)

Resumen El consumo de Sustancias psicoactivas (SPs) es un problema de salud mundial que afecta particularmente a los adolescentes. Por lo tanto, el conocimiento del contacto que los jóvenes tienen con las SPs, permitirá el desarrollo de políticas de prevención. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el contacto con SPs de estudiantes secundarios de Rosario y alrededores. Entre el 2013 y el 2016, contestaron de forma anónima un cuestionario 1064 estudiantes, observándose un aumento significativo del consumo de SPs en el año 2016. Cuando se excluyen el consumo de tabaco y alcohol (SPs legales) el porcentaje permanece constante. El aumento observado se debe al consumo de SPs tales como alcohol y tabaco. Se observó una disminución de la edad de inicio así como un cambio en los porcentajes y patrones de consumo. La SP más consumida fue el alcohol seguida de tabaco o marihuana. Los cambios observados podrían estar relacionados con las edades y los años de cursado de los estudian tes encuestados.

Abstract. Adolescence is characterized by anxiety, peer-pressure, identity search, etc. All these features contribute to experiment with Psychoactive Drugs (P.D.). P.D. use is a global health problem that has its onset during adolescence. The developing of prevention policies according to a specific population needs the knowledge of the levels and patterns of P.D. use. The goal of the present work was to evaluate P.D.'s level of contact and patterns of use among high school students in Rosario (Argentina). Between 2013 and 2016, a total of 1064 students were surveyed. The results showed that P.D. use (at least once in a lifetime) was significantly higher in 2016 compared to previous years. However, when the use of legal vs illegal P.D. was discriminated we found that such increase was due to higher use of alcohol and tobacco; while the illegal P.D. use remained constant. Moreover, in 2016 we found a decrease in the age of onset as well as a change in the patterns of P.D use. However, all these results must be analyzed taking into account intrinsic differences of the sample.

Academic performance and use of psychoactive drugs among healthcare students at a university in southern Brazil: cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: People have been using psychoactive substances for a long time. Over the last few years, this practice has spread among university students, who use these substances to improve their academic performance, relieve stress and increase concentration and memory. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the use of psychoactive drugs among healthcare students at a higher education institution in the city of Passo Fundo (RS), Brazil, and to ascertain the associated demographic and lifestyle factors. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in a higher education institution. METHODS: We included 287 undergraduate medicine and dentistry students in this study. They answered a self-administered questionnaire regarding sociodemographic, lifestyle and health variables. The statistical analysis used univariate and bivariate analyses with Pearson's chi-square test (P-value < 0.05). ­Multivariate analyses were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals. The SPSS software, version 20.0, was used. RESULTS: The prevalence of use of psychoactive substances among the students was 24.7%. Among these students, high frequencies of psychoactive drugs had been prescribed by physicians (95.8%) and for the purpose of relaxation or stress relief (73.2%). Women, medical students (compared with dental students) and participants with lower academic performance were more likely to use psychoactive drugs. After the multivariate adjustment, the "course" and "academic performance" remained associated with use of psychoactive drugs. CONCLUSION: There was high prevalence of psychoactive drug use among the students at the higher education institution investigated. Some variables (female sex, medical students and low academic performance) were associated with the outcome.

Representações sociais das drogas e de seus usuários para grupos religiosos: contribuições para o cuidado de saúde e enfermagem / Social representations of drugs and their users: contributions to health care and nursing

Para se realizar o estudo das representações sociais das drogas e de seus usuários para grupos religiosos, adotou-se como objetivo: analisar as representações sociais das drogas psicoativas e dos seus usuários para grupos religiosos católicos, evangélicos, espíritas e para religiões de matriz africana no contexto dos templos religiosos. Objetivos específicos: descrever os conteúdos e a estrutura representacional dos grupos religiosos acerca das drogas psicoativas e dos seus usuários; discutir as representações sociais acerca das drogas psicoativas e de seus usuários para os diferentes grupos religiosos; discutir a influência dessas representações na inclusão da espiritualidade e da religiosidade nas práticas de cuidar. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e exploratório, de abordagem de métodos mistos, sob a ótica das representações sociais, realizado entre 2017 e 2020 em templos religiosos católicos, evangélicos históricos, evangélicos pentecostais, evangélicos neopentecostais, umbandistas, candomblecistas e espíritas. Na primeira etapa do estudo, participaram 1.400 sujeitos, sendo 200 de cada religião, sendo 100 para cada termo indutor, que responderam à caracterização, à coleta de evocação livre e à escala de religiosidade para os termos "drogas" e "usuários de álcool e de drogas". No segundo momento, foram realizados os testes de centralidade: testes mise-em-cause, choix-par-bloc e esquemas cognitivos de base. Nessa etapa, participaram 100 sujeitos de cada grupo religioso, com exceção para os esquemas cognitivos de base - nestes participaram 10 sujeitos de cada grupo social, totalizando 70 sujeitos. Os resultados demonstraram no termo indutor "drogas" que: o núcleo central para os católicos é a dependência; para os evangélicos históricos, é o vício e a dependência; para os evangélicos pentecostais, é a destruição e a dependência; para os evangélicos neopentecostais, é a ajuda; para os umbandistas, é a tristeza e a morte; para os candomblecistas, é a destruição e a doença; para os espíritas, é a doença. No termo indutor "usuário de álcool e de drogas", foram encontrados os seguintes núcleos centrais para católicos: católico é ajuda, evangélico histórico é ajuda, evangélico pentecostal é vício e dependência, para evangélicos neopentecostais é ajuda, para umbandistas é ajuda, para candomblecistas é cuidado e doença e para espíritas é dependência. Na análise processual, os resultados demonstram as diferentes facetas das drogas e dos usuários de drogas para cada grupo religioso. Ao final do estudo, podemos constatar que enquanto a representação das drogas baseia-se na consequência da utilização, a representação do usuário baseia-se no cuidado. Desse modo, pode-se entender que os indivíduos dos grupos religiosos, no momento em que representam a droga e seus usuários, nos permitem pensar em um cuidado que privilegie as áreas religiosa e espiritual para além da doença.

In order to study the social representations of drugs and their users for religious groups, the objective was to: analyze the social representations of psychoactive drugs and their users for Catholic, Evangelical, African religions and Spiritist in the context of religious temples. And as specific objectives: describe the content and representational structure of religious groups about psychoactive drugs and their users; discuss social representations about psychoactive drugs and their users for different religious groups; discuss the influence of these representations on the inclusion of spirituality and religiosity in care practices. This is a study, descriptive and exploratory with a multimethod approach, from the perspective of social representations, carried out between 2017 and 2020 in Catholic religious temples, historical evangelicals, Pentecostal evangelicals, neo-Pentecostal evangelicals, Umbandists [umbandistas], candomblecists [candomblécistas] and spiritists. In the first stage of the study, 1400 subjects participated, 200 for each religion, distributed 100 for each inductive term, who responded to the characterization, the collection of free evocation and the religiosity scale for the terms drugs and alcohol and drug users. In the second moment, the centrality tests were performed: mise-in-cause [put-in-cause], choix-par-bloc [choice-by-block] and schémas cognitifs de base [basic cognitive patterns]. In this stage, 100 subjects participated for each religious group, with the exception of the basic cognitive schemes in which 10 subjects participated for each social group, totaling 70 subjects. The results showed in the term drug inducer the central core for Catholics is dependence, for historical evangelicals it is addiction and dependence, for Pentecostal evangelicals it is destruction and dependence, for neo-Pentecostal evangelicals it is help, for Umbandists it is sadness and death, for Candomblecists are destruction and disease and for Spiritists it is disease. In the term inducer user of alcohol and drugs, the following central nuclei were found for Catholics: Catholic is help, historical evangelical is help, Pentecostal evangelical is addiction and dependence, for neo-Pentecostal evangelicals it is help, for Umbandistas it is help, for Candomblecists it is care and illness, for spiritists it is dependence. In the procedural analysis, the results demonstrate the different facets of drugs and drug users for each religious group. At the end of the study, one can see that while the representation of drugs is based on the consequence of use, the user's representation is based on care. In this way, we can understand that individuals from religious groups, at the moment they represent the drug and its users, allow us to think about care that privileges the religious and spiritual area beyond the disease.

Use of psychoactive drugs predicts functional disability among older adults / Uso de psicofármacos prediz incapacidade funcional entre idosos

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: Investigate whether the use of psychoactive drugs would be a predictor of incidence of functional disability among seniors living in community. METHODS: It is a population-based longitudinal study, developed between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2011, with older adults living in community. The association between the use of psychoactive drugs and the development of functional disability for instrumental (IADLs) and basic (BADLs) activities of daily living was tested using the extended Cox proportional hazards model, which considers the measure of exposure of interest throughout the follow-up period. The analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted by sociodemographic characteristics, health behavior and health conditions. RESULTS: After multivariate adjustment, the use of two or more psychoactive drugs in the female stratum was associated with disability for both IADLs (HR = 1.58; 95%CI 1.17-2.13) and BADLs (HR = 1.43; 95%CI 1.05-1.94), the use of benzodiazepines was associated with disability for IADLs (HR = 1.32; 95%CI 1.07-1.62), and the use of antidepressants was associated with disability for both IADLs (HR = 1.51; 95%CI 1.16-1.98) and BADLs (HR = 1.44; 95%CI 1.10-1.90). In the male stratum, the use of antipsychotics was associated with disability for IADLs (HR = 3.14; 95%CI 1.49-6.59). CONCLUSIONS: The study showed a prospective association between the use of psychoactive drugs and functional disability. These results indicate the need to carefully assess the prescription of psychoactive drugs for older adults and monitor their usage in order to detect damages to the health of users.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Investigar se o uso de psicofármacos seria um preditor da incidência de incapacidade funcional entre idosos residentes em comunidade. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal de base populacional, desenvolvido entre primeiro de janeiro de 1997 e 31 de dezembro de 2011, junto a idosos residentes em comunidade. A associação entre o uso de psicofármacos e o desenvolvimento de incapacidade funcional para atividades instrumentais (AIVD) e básicas (ABVD) de vida diária foi testada por meio do modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox estendido, que considera a medida da exposição de interesse ao longo de todo o tempo de seguimento. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo e ajustadas por características sociodemográficas, comportamento em saúde e condições de saúde. RESULTADOS: Após ajuste multivariado, no estrato feminino o uso de dois ou mais psicofármacos foi associado à incapacidade tanto para AIVD (HR = 1,58; IC95% 1,17-2,13) quanto para ABVD (HR = 1,43; IC95% 1,05-1,94), o uso de benzodiazepínicos se manteve associado à incapacidade para AIVD (HR = 1,32; IC95% 1,07-1,62) e o uso de antidepressivos se manteve associado à incapacidade, tanto para AIVD (HR = 1,51; IC95% 1,16-1,98) quanto para ABVD (HR = 1,44; IC95% 1,10-1,90). No estrato masculino, o uso de antipsicóticos foi associado à incapacidade para AIVD (HR = 3,14; IC95% 1,49-6,59). CONCLUSÕES: O estudo evidenciou uma associação prospectiva entre o uso de psicofármacos e a incapacidade funcional. Esses resultados indicam a necessidade de avaliar cuidadosamente a prescrição de psicofármacos para idosos e monitorar o seu uso, buscando detectar prejuízos à saúde dos seus usuários.

Estratégias de redução de danos no uso prejudicial de álcool e outras drogas: revisão de literatura / Harm reduction strategies regarding the misuse of alcohol and other drugs: a review of the literature

O presente estudo traz uma sistematização acerca de experiências de atenção à saúde a pessoas que fazem uso prejudicial de álcool e outras drogas que têm por base as diretrizes da redução de danos no Brasil e no mundo. Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico em publicações de língua portuguesa e inglesa dos últimos dez anos hospedadas nas bases de dados SciELO, Lilacs, Medline e PsycINFO. Após a seleção do corpus, recorreu-se à metassíntese a fim de integrar o material obtido. Foi possível identificar e analisar avanços e impasses na implantação de estratégias de redução de danos, bem como comparar as diferentes abordagens identificadas nos serviços e ações de cuidado oferecidas aos usuários. Nota-se que a Redução de Danos tem se consolidado como estratégia de prevenção e tratamento e, dessa forma, torna-se imprescindível ampliar as produções acadêmica e científica na área.

Abstract The present study attempts to systemize the experiences of those that have been treated in the primary health care system for alcohol and drug abuse with a view to obtaining reductions in the damages caused to Brazil and the world at large. A bibliographical study was conducted of publications in Portuguese and in English over the past ten years on the following databases SciELO, Lilacs, Medline and PsycINFO. After the selection of the corpus, meta-synthesis was carried out in order to integrate the material obtained. It was possible to identify and analyze advances and impasses in the implementation of harm reduction strategies, and to compare the different approaches identified in the services and care activities offered to users. We noticed that Harm Reduction has become consolidated as a prevention and health care strategy; therefore, it is essential that more academic and scientific research in this area is conducted.

A atenção em saúde mental aos adolescentes em conflito com a lei no Brasil / Mental health care for Brazilian juvenile offenders

Resumo O trabalho analisa a utilização de medicamentos psicoativos por adolescentes infratores em unidades socioeducativas (USES) no Brasil. Descreve as diretrizes da política pública nacional e a qualidade da coordenação da atenção em saúde mental pelos governos subnacionais. O artigo tem como hipótese que a governança verticalizada da USES está associada à utilização de medicação psicoativa. O modelo da pesquisa foi estudo comparado dos casos do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e Minas Gerais. Os dados resultaram da coleta em prontuários e entrevistas com informantes-chave. O artigo demonstra que a governança vertical observada no RS está associada à alta prevalência de diagnósticos de transtorno mental, uso de medicamentos psicoativos e de medicalização psiquiátrica pelos adolescentes privados de liberdade. As evidências revelam que as sanções de privação de liberdade por atos infracionais produzem decisões de medicalização que ameaçam o direito dos adolescentes no campo da saúde. As diretrizes da política nacional incentivam escolhas mais cautelosas. As psicoterapias e as ações de reabilitação são as intervenções de primeira linha defendidas. O manejo pouco cuidadoso da intervenção psicofarmacológica favorece a múltiplas prescrições.

Abstract This paper analyzes the use of psychoactive drugs by juvenile offenders in Brazil in socio-educational facilities (USEs). It describes the guidelines of the national public policy and the quality of mental healthcare coordination by subnational public governments. This work draws on the hypothesis that USEs vertical governance is associated with the use of psychoactive medication. This is comparative study of two cases in Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Gerais. Data resulted from a sample of medical records and interviews with key informants. The paper shows that vertical governance observed in Rio Grande do Sul is directly associated with high prevalence of mental health disorder diagnosis, use of psychoactive medication and psychiatric medicalization by juvenile offenders deprived of liberty. These findings indicate that sanctions of imprisonment for illegal acts are producing a set of medicalization decisions that undermine juveniles’ health rights. The national mental health policy guidelines encourage cautious decisions. Psychotherapies and rehabilitation actions are the advocated first-line interventions. The poor management of the psychopharmacological intervention favors multiple prescriptions.

An approach to the new psychoactive drugs phenomenon / Una aproximación al fenómeno de las nuevas drogas psicoactivas

Abstract Background. The new psychoactive drugs (NPD) are those that represent a danger to public health and are not prohibited by conventions on international narcotics. The concept also includes new contexts and new routes of consumption as well as novel ways of distribution, notably Internet. The risks associated with NPD consumption are largely unknown to users and to health care providers. Objective. To integrate the existing evidence regarding the main NPD in terms of description, epidemiology, psychopharmacology, medical complications and psychoactive effects. Method. To review relevant and updated clinical information on NPD obtained from specialized books and indexed scientific journals (PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus), as well as official documents edited by international organizations dedicated to the epidemiologic analysis of drug abuse and Internet websites and forums managed by psychoactive substance users. Results. Aspects of clinical and pharmacological interest are described comprehensively, together with epidemiological data and risks associated to the consumption of the most relevant NPD: synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, NBOMe series, indoleamines, piperazines, hallucinogenic mushrooms (Psilocybe SP.), synthetic opioids, plant products (khat, kratom, Salvia divinorum, ayahuasca) and dissociative anesthetics. Discussion and conclusion. The emergence of the NPD is a phenomenon on the rise with important consequences for public health. Learning about new trends in drug consumption and its potential risks should be essential for the medical professional. New research is needed in order to understand the phenomenon of the NPD and its pharmacological, clinical and legal implications.

Resumen Antecedentes. Las nuevas drogas psicoactivas (NDP) son aquellas que, aun cuando representan un peligro para la salud pública, no están prohibidas por los acuerdos internacionales sobre narcóticos. La noción incluye también nuevos contextos de usos, nuevas formas de administración y nuevas vías de distribución, entre las que destaca Internet. Los riesgos asociados al consumo de NDP son en gran medida desconocidos por los usuarios y el personal de salud. Objetivo. Integrar la información existente sobre las principales NDP en cuanto a su descripción, psicofarmacología, epidemiología, efectos psicoactivos y complicaciones médicas descritas. Método. Revisión de la información actualizada de relevancia clínica sobre las NDP obtenida de libros especializados y revistas científicas indexadas (PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus); de documentos oficiales de organismos internacionales dedicados a la epidemiología del consumo de drogas, y de portales y foros en Internet gestionados por usuarios de sustancias psicoactivas. Resultados. Se describen de manera detallada aspectos de interés clínico y farmacológico, así como datos epidemiológicos y riesgos asociados al consumo de las NDP más relevantes: cannabinoides sintéticos, catinonas sintéticas, serie de los NBOMe, indolaminas, piperazinas, hongos alucinógenos (Psilocybe sp.), opioides sintéticos, productos vegetales (khat, kratom, Salvia divinorum, ayahuasca) y anestésicos disociativos. Discusión y conclusión. El surgimiento de las NDP es un fenómeno en auge con importantes consecuencias en la salud pública. Se hace imprescindible para el profesional médico conocer las nuevas tendencias en el consumo y los riesgos potenciales del mismo. Son necesarias también nuevas investigaciones para comprender el fenómeno de las NDP y sus implicaciones farmacológicas, clínicas y legales.

Test purchase of new synthetic tryptamines via the Internet: Identity check by GC-MS and separation by HPLC.

Over the past few years, a continuous alteration of the recreational drug market took place. Among other novel psychoactive drugs, new synthetic tryptamine derivatives appeared on the market. These compounds are mainly traded via the Internet, which has become an important marketplace for the sale of recreational drugs. The goal of our research was to check, if 13 new synthetic tryptamines obtained by test purchase via different online vendors meet the promised identity. Analysis was performed by GC-MS, using a common 30 m HP-5MS capillary column as stationary phase. Subsequently, a simple HPLC method for the separation of these tryptamines was developed. Therefore, the aim was to establish a method to separate a broad spectrum of trypamines simultaneously within short time. Measurements were performed by a LiChrospher® RP-18e column and a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% triethylammonium acetate buffer, methanol and acetonitrile. Both presented methods were found to be suitable for the identification as well as separation of tryptamines as the analysis times were short and the selectivity sufficient. Moreover, enantioseparation of 3 chiral tryptamine derivatives purchased via the Internet by HPLC-UV and an Astec® Cyclobond I™ 2000 as CSP was performed. All of them were sold as racemic mixtures.

<b>Survey of Psychotropic Drug Usage for Dementia Using a Prescription Database </b> / 薬剤疫学

Guidelines for the usage of psychoactive drugs for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) were issued by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in July 2013. Using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification with prescription data, we surveyed the usage of psychotropic drugs in patients with dementia. N05C (hypnotics and sedatives) was the most frequently prescribed class of drugs [9,920 (19.7%) individuals]. In addition, there are few prescription ratios of risperidone in comparison with 5.6% and the survey in the UK. Although anti-anxiety drugs should not be used as per BPSD guidelines, etizolam was prescribed in a considerable proportion of patients (6.2%). In addition, with respect to prescription of combinations of antipsychotics in the same month, the highest rate was found for risperidone and tiapride [209 (2.4%) individuals]. In addition, 39 individuals were prescribed antipsychotics that are contraindicated for patients with diabetes. When the number of the clinical departments is as above 2, the ratios to become the contraindicated prescription, careful administration prescription of the antipsychotic increase with significant difference (p<0.01). The increased of the number of the clinical departments tended to increase the ratio of the contraindications and careful administration prescription. Thus, the need for a family doctor to prevent such situations was suggested, which was introduced by the 2014 Medical Treatment Fee Revisions.

Comportamiento adictivo de la familia como factor de riesgo de consumo de drogas en jóvenes y adolescentes adictos / Family addictive behavior as a risk factor for drug addicts in young adolescents

INTRODUCCIÓN: se plantea que en el futuro adictivo de jóvenes y adolescentes influyen factores familiares como: la ausencia de normas familiares hacia las drogas, conflictos con los padres y el consumo de alcohol por parte del padre OBJETIVOS: determinar la influencia del factor "consumo de drogas por familiares̋̋" como factor de riesgo de consumo en jóvenes y adolescentes METODOLOGÍA: la muestra estuvo formada por 43 pacientes: adolescentes de 13 a 19 años y jóvenes de 20 a 29 años. Se utilizó el método teórico documental de revisión de las historias clínicas para determinar la edad actual, la edad de inicio del consumo, mono o poli consumo, grado de consanguinidad y se relacionaron con los antecedentes familiares de consumo. Se utilizó la encuesta EMTAJOVEN para determinar fumadores. RESULTADOS: 15 de los 43 adictos declararon poseer familiares consumidores. De estos 14 comenzaron el consumo con edades entre 10 y 19 y uno comenzó con 20 años. Tres eran monoconsumidores y 12 policonsumidores. Siete de los pacientes tenían un sólo familiar drogodependiente y ocho, dos o más parientes adictos. En ocho casos el padre era uno o el único consumidor y en un caso ambos progenitores eran adictos; la droga de preferencia fue el alcohol. Seis de los pacientes con padre adicto presentaron poli consumo y se iniciaron con edades de 14 años o menos. CONCLUSIONES: el consumo de drogas por los familiares representa un factor de riesgo de consumo para el adolescente, en particular si se trata de la figura paterna

INTRODUCTION: it is suggested that in the addictive future of youth and adolescents, family factors are influencing such as the absence of family norms toward drugs, conflicts with parents and alcohol consumption by the father. OBJECTIVES: determine the influence of the factor "family drug use" as a risk factor of consumption in youth and adolescents. METHODOLOGY: 43 patients formed the sample: adolescents aged from 13 to 19 years and young people in ranging ages from 20 to 29 years. Review theoretical method documentary was used for medical records to determine the current age, age of first use, mono or poly consumption, degree of consanguinity and family history of consumption was related. The EMTAJOVEN survey was used to determine smokers. RESULTS: 15 out of 43 reported addicted relatives consumers. 14 of them started drinking when they were 10 and 19 and one began at the age of 20. Three consumed only one drug and 12 had various kinds of drug. Seven patients had one relative with drug addiction. Eight patients had two or more relatives with addictions. In eight cases, their father was the only one or one consumer and in one case both parents were addicted. The drug of choice was alcohol. Six patients presented, who had an addicted father, began poly consumption at about the age of 14. CONCLUSIONS: drug use by family members represents a risk factor of consumption in adolescent, especially when it comes from the father figure

Ethnopharmacology: quo vadis? Challenges for the future

It is well-known that humans have used medicinal plants for millennia, but as a defined field of scientific research called ethnopharmacology, it has a relatively short history. It is linked to the development of pharmacology in the 19th century (as exemplified in the work of Claude Bernard linking the explorers' observations on traditional uses of medicines and toxins) and to fascination with psychoactive drugs in the 1960s. This fascination gave rise to what we now call ethnopharmacology, a term first used as recently as 1967. With thousands of ethnopharmacological articles published each year now, the field has expanded greatly. It nowadays covers a wide range of topics based on the anthropological, historical and other socio-cultural studies of local and traditional plants, fungi and animals; as well as the biological and clinical studies of resources used as medicines, toxins, foods, among other applications. It is one of the few fields in science truly transdisciplinary and it is a key bridge between socio-cultural and the natural/medical sciences. More importantly, ethnopharmacological research is crucial for the improvement of livelihood, health and wellbeing of humans.

Caracterización del consumo de drogas psicoactivas por jóvenes y adolescentes atendidos en el Centro de Deshabituación de Adolescentes del municipio Playa / Characterization of the use of psychoactive drugs by adolescents and young adults cared for at the Adolescents' Rehabilitation Center, municipality of Playa

INTRODUCCIÓN: en las últimas décadas se ha incrementado el uso y abuso de drogas psicoactivas en particular en determinados grupos sociales. En Cuba en las últimas décadas se ha observado un incremento de bebedores en individuos de 15 años en adelante y pudiera esperarse que otras drogas tengan un comportamiento similar. OBJETIVO: caracterizar el consumo de drogas psicoactivas en adolescentes y jóvenes adictos tratados en el Centro de Deshabituación de Adolescentes del municipio Playa. MÉTODOS: la muestra estuvo formada por 43 pacientes: adolescentes de 13 a 16 y 17 a 19 años y jóvenes de 20 a 25 y de 26 a 29 años. Se analizaron las historias clínicas para determinar los tipos de drogas que consumían: la droga de inicio y de mantenimiento. Como método empírico se utilizó la encuesta EMTAJOVEN para determinar fumadores. RESULTADOS: se comprobó que el grupo más numeroso de adictos tenían entre 20 y 25 años y que el inicio del consumo fue mayor entre adolescentes de 17 a 19 años. Se comprobó que 36 de los pacientes mostraron policonsumo con dos, tres y más tipos de drogas, con igual comportamiento para ambos géneros. La droga de inicio y de mantenimiento más consumida fue la marihuana seguida por el alcohol. La encuesta EMTAJOVEN reveló un elevado número de fumadores. CONCLUSIONES: entre los adictos predominó la adolescencia tardía como momento de inicio de la drogodependencia, siendo en su mayoría policonsumidores, con la marihuana como la droga de inicio y de mantenimiento más utilizada. Sería recomendable que en el tratamiento de estos pacientes se incluya el abandono del tabaquismo como una medida más en el proceso de deshabituación.

INTRODUCTION: recent decades have witnessed an increase in the use and abuse of psychoactive drugs, particularly by certain social groups. In Cuba the number of alcohol users has risen among people aged 15 years and over, and similar behavior could be expected from the use of other drugs. OBJECTIVE: characterize the use of psychoactive drugs by adolescents and young addicts cared for at the Adolescents' Rehabilitation Center, municipality of Playa. METHODS: the sample was composed of 43 patients: adolescents aged 13-16 and 17-19 and young adults aged 20-25 and 26-29. Their medical records were analyzed to determine the types of drugs they used: initial and maintenance drug. The EMTAJOVEN survey was used as an empirical method to determine smokers. RESULTS: it was found that the largest number of addicts were in the 20-25 age group, and that consumption predominantly started in the 17-19 age bracket. Thirty six patients consumed two, three or more drug types, with similar figures for both sexes. The most common initial and maintenance drug was marijuana, followed by alcohol. The EMTAJOVEN survey revealed a large number of smokers. CONCLUSIONS: late adolescence was found to be the period when drug dependence starts in most cases. Most users consume more than one drug, with marijuana as the most common initial and maintenance drug. It is suggested that treatment include smoking cessation as one more step in the rehabilitation process.

Modelo ecológico y sistemas de regulación moral, cultural y legal como factores de riesgo y protección frente al consumo de sustancias ilícitas en estudiantes de la Universidad de Nariño / Ecological model and systems of moral, cultural and legal regulation as risk and protection factors against substance abuse among students of the University of Nariño

Objetivo: El propósito del presente estudio fue analizar los factores de riesgo y protección frente al consumo de sustancias ilícitas en los estudiantes de la Universidad de Nariño desde la perspectiva del modelo ecológico y las características de la regulación moral, cultural y legal de este fenómeno. Método: El estudio se desarrolló desde el paradigma cuantitativo, enmarcado en los estudios analíticos, específicamente de corte transversal. Resultados: Los datos demuestran que dos de las variables que hacen parte del microsistema de los estudiantes se comportan como factores de riesgo para el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas ilícitas, específicamente: fumar más de tres cigarrillos diarios y observar a padres o padrastros agredirse físicamente. Por otra parte, la regulación moral es el único factor que se identificó como protector. Conclusión: Los resultados del estudio resaltan la importancia de las variables que hacen parte del contexto más cercano a la persona (incluyendo sus propios hábitos y reglas), como determinantes de conductas de riesgo que comprometen el bienestar individual y colectivo y la percepción de la regulación moral como factor protector.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze risk and protection factors against substance abuse among students of the University of Nariño from the perspective of the ecological model and the characteristics of moral, cultural and legal regulation of this phenomenon. Method: The study was conducted from the quantitative paradigm which is framed in analytical studies, specifically a cross-sectional study. Results: The data show that two of the variables that are part of the students' microsystem behave as risk factors for substance abuse. These are: smoking more than three cigarettes a day and watching parents or stepparents physically attacking themselves. Moreover, moral regulation is the only factor that was identified as the protector one. Conclusion: The results of the study highlight the importance of the variables that are part of the nearest context to the person (including their own habits and rules) as determinants of risk behaviors that compromise the individual and collective welfare and perception of moral regulation as a protective factor.

Relaciones asociativas entre las creencias acerca del uso social de las drogas y el consumo en estudiantes jóvenes / Associative Relationships between Beliefs about the Social Use of Drugs and the Consumption among Young Students

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el contenido de las representaciones sociales acerca del consumo de drogas en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes, y si tales representaciones favorecían y, por lo tanto, predecían el consumo de las mismas. Para esto, se seleccionaron seis creencias acerca del uso social de las drogas -tales como tomar alguna droga es normal-, considerándolas como indicadores de dichas representaciones sociales. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 417 alumnos del Ciclo Formativo de Grado Medio y Programa de Garantía Social pertenecientes a distintos centros educativos de la ciudad de Granada, considerados de alto riesgo para el consumo. Los resultados mostraron que las creencias evaluadas estaban presentes entre los participantes, que predecían el consumo de drogas legales e ilegales y que estaban asociadas sobre todo al consumo de cannabis. En conclusión, en los programas preventivos sería de gran utilidad tener en cuenta las representaciones sociales sobre el uso de drogas.

The objective of the study was to know the content of social representations about the consumption of drugs and also if those representations contributed and predicted the consumption of drugs among young people. Six beliefs about the social use of drugs were selected, such as whether it is common to take drugs. These beliefs were considered indicators of those social representations. The study was carried out among 417 students of Associate Degree and Social Guarantee Program from different Educational Centres of Granada, who were considered high risk drug users. Results showed that evaluated beliefs were present among young people, these beliefs predicted the consumption of legal and illegal drugs and were specially associated with the consumption of cannabis. Thus, social representations about the consumption of drugs should be considered for prevention programs.

Riesgos psicosociales y actitudes sobre prácticas sexuales bajo el efecto del alcohol o drogas en adolescentes de la ciudad de Medellín / Psychosocial Risk and Attitudes about Sexual Practices with Alcohol or Drugs Effects in Adolescents at Medellín

En este artículo se analizan las actitudes cognitivas y los factores psicosociales relacionados con las prácticas sexuales bajo el efecto de alcohol y drogas en adolescentes de la ciudad de Medellín. El tipo de estudio fue no experimental, de nivel descriptivo y correlacional. La muestra estuvo conformada por 955 estudiantes de grados 9.°, 10.° y 11.° de colegios públicos y privados de la ciudad de Medellín. La edad, el sexo, el tipo de familia, las personas encargadas de la crianza, las normas al interior de la familia, la influencia del grupo de pares y las actitudes cognitivas y afectivas juegan un rol importante en la realización de prácticas sexuales riesgosas bajo el consumo del alcohol y las drogas durante la adolescencia.

In this article we examined some psychosocial factors and cognitive attitudes related to sexual practices under the influence of alcohol and drugs among adolescents in the city of Medellín in 2011. The type of study was non-experimental with a descriptive and correlational level. The sample consisted of 955 students in grades 9, 10 and 11 public and private colleges. Age, sex, type of family, persons responsible for raising, group influence and cognitive and affective attitudes; play an important role in the performance of risky sexual practices on the use of alcohol and drugs during adolescence.

Susceptibilidad al consumo de tabaco y comportamiento tabáquico en las adolescentes / Smoking Susceptibility and Smoking Behavior among Girls

En años recientes, la prevalencia de mujeres fumadoras ha aumentado significativamente. El propósito de la presente investigación fue evaluar la relación existente entre la susceptibilidad al consumo de tabaco y el comportamiento tabáquico en chicas adolescentes, a fin de contar con herramientas de prevención del consumo de tabaco en las mujeres. Se efectuaron tres estudios en años sucesivos en escuelas secundarias publicas y privadas, en los que participaron 1.460 mujeres adolescentes. Se elaboraron y reconstruyeron las escalas para medir la susceptibilidad al consumo de tabaco, la experimentación con el cigarrillo y el tabaquismo. En las ultimas versiones de las tres escalas se obtuvieron varianzas explicadas > 59 % y coeficientes a > 0.82. Los resultados mostraron que los puntajes de la susceptibilidad al consumo de tabaco correlacionaron fuerte y significativamente tanto con la experimentación con el cigarrillo (r = 0.743) como con el tabaquismo (r = 0.424). De acuerdo con el análisis de regresión efectuado, la susceptibilidad explicó el 28.9% de la varianza de la experimentación, y el 22% de la del tabaquismo, por lo que constituye un predictor del comportamiento tabáquico en las adolescentes. Se concluye que la susceptibilidad al consumo de tabaco puede utilizarse confiablemente para evaluar riesgo tabáquico en las adolescentes y dirigir los esfuerzos de prevención específicamente hacia ellas.

In recent years, prevalence of smoking among women has been significantly increasing. The aim of this research was to examine the relationships of smoking susceptibility and smoking behavior, specifically in youth teenage girls, in order to have tools for smoking prevention among women. Three studies were conducted in successive years in public and private secondary schools of Mexico City; in total, 1.460 female adolescents participated in them. Psychometric scales were constructed and reconstructed to susceptibility, experimentation and smoking could be measured. In the latest versions of the scales were obtained explained variances > 59% and coefficients a > 0.82. Results showed high and significant coefficients of correlation between susceptibility to smoking and experimentation with tobacco (r = 0.743) as well as smoking (r = 0.424). According to the regression analysis, the susceptibility explained 28.9% of experimentation variance, and 22% ofsmoking variance, so it is a good predictor of smoking behavior among girls. It was concluded that smoking susceptibility is a measure that can be used reliably to evaluate smoking risk in adolescent women; in this way the prevention efforts will be properly focused on.

Uso de drogas e sofrimento psíquico numa universidade do Sul do Brasil / Uso de drogas y sufrimiento en una universidad en el sur de Brasil / Substances use and minor psychiatric disorders in a university in the South of Brazil

Este estudo examina a relação entre consumo de substâncias psicoativas (SPA) e ocorrência de distúrbios psiquiátricos menores (DPM) numa universidade do Sul do Brasil. Participaram 657 sujeitos que preencheram um questionário padronizado, anônimo e autoaplicado, com as questões do Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) e referência a uso de SPA até 30 dias antes da entrevista. Tabaco (13,6 por cento) e bebidas alcoólicas (75,5 por cento) foram as SPA mais referidas. DPM ocorreu significativamente mais entre estudantes (26,6 por cento) que entre professores (9,5 por cento) ou funcionários (19,5 por cento) (p < 0,001). O consumo mostrou-se associado à ocorrência de DPM, com menor força na análise ajustada para sexo, idade e vínculo institucional (p = 0,08), permanecendo estatisticamente significativa para o grupo de usuários de benzodiazepinas (p < 0,001). Esses dados suportam outros estudos que apontam a associação entre transtornos mentais e uso de SPA, principalmente para usuários de benzodiazepinas, reforçando a necessidade de ações e políticas institucionais de atenção psicológica, especialmente voltadas para estudantes

This paper was aimed to assess the relationship between the consumption of psychoactive substances (PAS) and the occurrence of minor psychiatric disorders (MPD) among students, teachers and staff in a private university in southern Brazil. 657 subjects participated by answering a standardized anonymous and self-responding questionnaire, including the issues of ‘Self-Reporting Questionnaire'and reported use of substances in a period prior to 30 days before the interview. Consumption of alcohol (75.5 percent) and tobacco (13.6 percent) were the most cited by respondents. DPM was significantly higher among students (26.6 percent) than among teachers (9.5 percent) or staff (19.5 percent) (p < 0.001). Substances use appeared associated with the occurrence of MPD, but less significantly when adjusted for sex, age and institutional affiliation (p = 0,08). The association remained always statistically significant only for benzodiazepines (p < 0,001). This data supports other studies indicating the occurrence of an association between mental disorders and the use of substances, especially for users of benzodiazepines. This data reinforces the need for institutional policies and actions of psychological attention, first of all directed at the students

Este estudio examina la relación entre el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA) y la aparición de trastornos psiquiátricos menores (DPM) en una universidad en el sur de Brasil. Participaron 657 pacientes que contestaron un cuestionario estandarizado, anónimo y auto- aplicado con las preguntas del Self-Reporting Questinnaire (SRQ-20) y referencia al uso de SPA hasta 30 días antes de la entrevista. El tabaco (13,6 por ciento) y las bebidas alcohólicas (75,5 por ciento) fueron los SPA más mencionados. DPM fue significativamente mayor entre los estudiantes (26,6 por ciento) que entre los profesores (9,5 por ciento) o los empleados (19,5 por ciento) (p < 0,001). El consumo se asocia con la aparición de DPM, con menos fuerza en el análisis ajustado por sexo, edad, y la afiliación institucional (p = 0,08) y permaneció estadísticamente significativa para el grupo de usuarios de las benzodiazepinas (p < 0,001). Estos datos apoyan otros estudios que muestran la asociación entre los trastornos mentales y el consumo de SPA, especialmente para los usuarios de las benzodiazepinas, lo que refuerza la necesidad de acciones y políticas institucionales de cuidado psicológico, especialmente dirigidas a los estudiantes

Drug related problems associated with the psychoactive drugs used on geriatric, hospitalized patients

A prospective study was carried out, to identify the drug related problems and to prevent or to solve the negative outcomes associated with medication of the geriatric patients that consumed psychoactive drugs, who were hospitalized. The study was carried out according to the DADER Method of Pharmacotherapy Monitoring, adapted to the Hospital's environment and the theoretical rationale of the Third Consent of Granada was assumed, for the considerations related to the drug related problems and the negative outcomes associated with medication. Thirty five patients were included whose ages ranged between the 60 and 90 years. Thirty six negative associated outcomes were identified, in 34 patients that represented 97.14% incidence. A prevalence of the negative outcomes associated with the necessity was observed, followed by those associated with the security. The inadequate drug uses was the drug related problem that prevailed in the sample. The psychoactive drugs that were related with these results were mainly the anxiolytics, meprobamate and the neuroleptics. Some 82.35% of the interventions were accepted, achieving resolution of 47.06% of the negative outcomes associated with medication.

Foi realizada uma pesquisa de intervenção, prospectiva, a fim de identificar problemas relacionados aos medicamentos e evitar ou resolver resultados negativos daí decorrentes, em pacientes idosos que faziam uso de medicamentos psicotrópicos e que foram internados. O estudo foi realizado de acordo com o método DADER para o acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico e assumiram-se os pressupostos teóricos do III Consenso de Granada, as considerações relacionadas com os problemas dos fármacos e os resultados negativos associados à medicação. Foram incluídos 35 pacientes com idades entre 60 e 90 anos. Trinta e seis RM foram identificados em 34 pacientes representando incidência de 97,14% e a prevalência foi observada para os resultados negativos associados com a necessidade, seguidos por aqueles relacionados à segurança. O uso indevido de fármacos foi os problema mais frequente na amostra. Os psicofármacos mais implicados foram os ansiolíticos, meprobamato e neurolépticos. Das intervenções, 82,35% foram aceitas, alcançando 47,06% de resolução dos resultados negativos associados à medicação.

Discurso médico y estrategias de marketing de la industria farmacéutica en los procesos de medicación de la infancia en Argentina / Medical discourse and marketing strategies of the pharmaceutical industry in the process of medicalization of childhood in Argentina / Discurso médico e estratégias de marketing da indústria farmacêuticanos processos de medicalização da infância na Argentina

Este artículo explora procesos de medicación incluso medicamentosa en la infancia, utilizando como analizador el Trastorno del Déficit de Atención con o sin Hiper- actividad (TDA/H). Se presentan los resultados de un estudio cualitativo realizado por un equipo interdisciplinario durante 2008 en cuatro jurisdicciones argentinas: Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires , Corrientes, Salta y Tierra del Fueg. Se exploran los discursos del discursos campo médico - pediatras, psiquiatras infanto- juveniles y neurólogos infantiles - en torno de la construcción diagnóstica del TDH/A y su planteamiento terapéutica en los sistemas públicos y en el privado. De modo complementario se indaga acerca de los mecanismos de marketing de la industria farmacéutica. A través de la construcción de diagnóstico TDA/H es posible observar como determinadas conductas y/o situaciones que antes no eran medicadas hoy forman parte del tratamiento médico, cuyo principal énfasis se encuentra en la prescripción de fármacos como terapéutica.

This paper explores at the processes of medicalization and medicinalization of childhood, using attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity (ADD/H) as the analyzer. The results from a qualitative study carried out by an interdisciplinary team during 2008 in four Argentine jurisdictions (Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area, Corrientes, Salta and Tierra del Fuego) are presented. Discourse from the field of medicine (pediatricians, childhood- adolescence psychiatrists and pediatric neurologists) regarding the diagnostic construct of ADD/H and its therapeutic approach are explored, in relation to the public and private systems. In a complementary manner, the marketing mechanisms of pharmaceutical industry are investigated. Through the diagnostic construct of ADD/H, it can be seen how certain conducts and/or situations that had not been medicalized in the past have now become part of medical treatment, in which the main emphasis is on prescribing drugs as therapy.

Neste artigo exploram- se processos de medicalização e medicamentalização na infância, utilizando como analisador o Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção com ou sem Hiperatividade (TDA/H). Apresentam- se os resultados de um estudo qualitativo realizado por uma equipe interdisciplinar durante 2008, em quatro jurisdições argentinas: Região Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Corrientes, Salta e Tierra del Fuego. Exploram- se os discursos do campo médico - pediatras, psiquiatras infanto- juvenis e neurologistas infantis - em torno da construção diagnóstica do TDH/A e da sua abordagem terapêutica, nos sistemas público e privado. De modo complementar, indaga- se acerca dos mecanismos de marketing da indústria farmacêutica. Por meio da construção de diagnósticoTDA/H, é possível observar como determinadas condutas e/ou situações, que antes não eram medicalizadas, hoje são parte do tratamento médico, cuja principal ênfase encontra- se na prescrição de fármacos como terapêutica.